Present Perfect Tense:

MKP August 05, 2023

Present Perfect Tense:

In the Present Perfect tense, the action is complete or has ended and hence termed Perfect. The exact time when the action happened is not important and hence, it is not mentioned in this tense.

POSITIVE STATEMENTS:

SUBJECT - HAVE/HAS - VERB(past participle) - REST OF THE SENTENCE

I - have - seen - this movie.

You - have - seen - this movie.

He - has - seen - this movie.

Mohan - has - seen - this movie.

The boy - has - seen - this movie.

She - has - seen - this movie.

Pooja - has - seen - this movie.

The girl - has - seen - this movie.

We - have - seen - this movie.

You - have - seen - this movie.

They - have - seen - this movie.

The children - have - seen - this movie.

Notice that we use

‘have’ with the subjects ‘I’, ‘You’, ‘We’ and ‘They’

‘has’ with the subjects ‘He’ and ‘She’

The verb form remains the same for all subjects.

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS:

SUBJECT - HAVE NOT/HAS NOT - VERB(past participle) - REST OF THE SENTENCE

I - have not - eaten - lunch.

You - have not - eaten - lunch.

He - has not - eaten - lunch.

Mohan - has not - eaten - lunch.

The boy - has not - eaten - lunch.

She - has not - eaten - lunch.

Pooja - has not - eaten - lunch.

The girl - has not - eaten - lunch.

We - have not - eaten - lunch.

You - have not - eaten - lunch.

They - have not - eaten - lunch.

The children - have not - eaten - lunch.

Notice that we use

‘have not’ with the subjects ‘I’, ‘You’, ‘We’ and ‘They’

‘has not’ with the subjects ‘He’ and ‘She’

The verb form remains the same for all subjects.

INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS / QUESTIONS:

HAVE/HAS - SUBJECT - VERB (past participle) - REST OF THE SENTENCE

Have - I - finished - the work?

Have - you - finished - the work?

Has - he - finished - the work?

Has - Mohan - finished - the work?

Has - the boy - finished - the work?

Has - she - finished - the work?

Has - Pooja - finished - the work?

Has - the girl - finished - the work?

Have - we - finished - the work?

Have - you - finished - the work?

Have - they - finished - the work?

Have - the men - finished - the work?

Notice that we use

‘have’ with the subjects ‘I’, ‘You’, ‘We’ and ‘They’

‘has’ with the subjects ‘He’ and ‘She’

The verb form remains the same for all subjects.

Spoken English

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दुःखजन्मप्रवृत्तिदोषमिथ्याज्ञानानामुत्तरोत्तरापाये तदनन्तरापायादपवर्गः II1/1/2 न्यायदर्शन अर्थ : तत्वज्ञान से मिथ्या ज्ञान का नाश हो जाता है और मिथ्या ज्ञान के नाश से राग द्वेषादि दोषों का नाश हो जाता है, दोषों के नाश से प्रवृत्ति का नाश हो जाता है। प्रवृत्ति के नाश होने से कर्म बन्द हो जाते हैं। कर्म के न होने से प्रारम्भ का बनना बन्द हो जाता है, प्रारम्भ के न होने से जन्म-मरण नहीं होते और जन्म मरण ही न हुए तो दुःख-सुख किस प्रकार हो सकता है। क्योंकि दुःख तब ही तक रह सकता है जब तक मन है। और मन में जब तक राग-द्वेष रहते हैं तब तक ही सम्पूर्ण काम चलते रहते हैं। क्योंकि जिन अवस्थाओं में मन हीन विद्यमान हो उनमें दुःख सुख हो ही नहीं सकते । क्योंकि दुःख के रहने का स्थान मन है। मन जिस वस्तु को आत्मा के अनुकूल समझता है उसके प्राप्त करने की इच्छा करता है। इसी का नाम राग है। यदि वह जिस वस्तु से प्यार करता है यदि मिल जाती है तो वह सुख मानता है। यदि नहीं मिलती तो दुःख मानता है। जिस वस्तु की मन इच्छा करता है उसके प्राप्त करने के लिए दो प्रकार के कर्म होते हैं। या तो हिंसा व चोरी करता है या दूसरों का उपकार व दान आदि सुकर्म करता है। सुकर्म का फल सुख और दुष्कर्मों का फल दुःख होता है परन्तु जब तक दुःख सुख दोनों का भोग न हो तब तक मनुष्य शरीर नहीं मिल सकता !

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Present Perfect Tense:

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