Grammar Tutorial ::: Nominative Case / प्रथमा विभक्ति / prathamaa vibhakti

 

Grammar Tutorial ::: Nominative Case / प्रथमा विभक्ति / prathamaa vibhakti

Nominative Case / प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamaa vibhakti): Nominative Case or प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamaa vibhakti) represents the noun-form to represent the "who" or "what" on the verb in the sentence. In other words nominative case represents the subject or कर्ता (kartaa) of the sentence.

Study the following sentences. These are in nominative case. In the previous chapters we have already come across these sentence formations. These are mentioned again for completness.

आङ्ग्लभाषा / English संस्कृत / Sanskrit Notes

1. The boy is going. बालः गच्छति

baalaH gachchhati -

2. Poet is writing. कविः लिखति

kaviH likhati -

3. Teachers are speaking. गुरवः वदन्ति

guravaH vadanti -

4. Girl is reading. बाला पठति

baalaa paThati -

5. River is flowing. नदी वहति

nadii vahati -

6. I am asking. अहं पृच्छामि

aha.n pRRichchhaami -

7. Sita is singing. सीता गायति

siitaa gaayati -

8. Fruit is falling. फलं पतति

phala.n patati Words like - fruit (फल / phala), vehicle (यान / yaana), book (पुस्तक / pustaka), water (जल / jala) and flower (पुष्प / puShpa) etc., are of neuter gender. They have the same noun-form or shabdarupa as boy (बाल / baala) except the nominative and accusative cases which have slightly different forms.

Refer फल (phala) shabda below for the nominative case forms of these.

9. Vehicle is moving. यानं चलति

yaana.n chalati

10. The book is there. पुस्तकम् अस्ति

pustakam asti

11. There is no water. जलं नास्ति

jala.n naasti

12. Flower is blooming. पुष्पं विकसति

puShpa.n vikasati

In sentence 1 above, if we ask the question "who is going?", the answer that comes is "boy". So, boy is the subject in the sentence and the noun-form is in nominative case or prathamaa vibhakti. Similarly in sentence 8, if we ask the question "what is falling?", the answer that comes is "fruit". In this fruit is the subject.

So, answer to the question "who" or "what" is the subject of the sentence and is always in nominative case. The verb form follows the number or वचन (vachana) of the noun. The followings are few rules where the nominative case must be used as the noun-form.

Grammatical Rule

In active voice statements the subject in the sentence is always in nominative case.

Grammatical Rule

In passive voice statements the object follows the nominative case. The subject follows the instrumental case.

Nominative Case (प्रथमा विभक्ति / prathamaa vibhakti)

Word

शब्द Gender

लिङ्ग Singular

एकवचन Dual

द्विवचन Plural

बहुवचन Similar Words

Boy

बाल / baala M - पुं बालः

baalah बालौ

baalau बालाः

baalaaH -

Creeper

लता / lataa F - स्त्री लता

lataa लते

late लताः

lataaH -

River

नदी / nadii F - स्त्री नदी

nadii नद्यौ

nadau नद्यः

nadyaH -

Fruit

फलम् / phalam N - नपुं फलम्

phalam फले

phale फलानि

phalaani -