Grammar Tutorial - Active Voice / कर्तृवाच्य / kartRRIvaachya

 Grammar Tutorial -Active Voice / कर्तृवाच्य / kartRRIvaachya

Active Voice (कर्तृवाच्य / kartRRIvaachya): We will study "Active Voice" in this chapter with examples. Other two sentence formations will be covered in chapter 7 and 8 later. All subsequent chapters are in active voices except chapter 7 and 8.

Study the following statements.

आङ्ग्लभाषा / English संस्कृत / Sanskrit Subject

(कर्ता / kartaa) Verb

(क्रिया / kriyaa) Object

(कर्म / karma)

1. The boy is going बालः गच्छति

baalaH gachchhati The boy

बालः / baalaH going

गच्छति / gachchhati -

2. I am going अहं गच्छामि

aha.n gachchhami I am

अहं / aha.n going

गच्छामि / gachchhami -

3. The boy is reading बालः पठति

baalaH pathati The boy

बालः / baalaH reading

पठति / pathati -

4. I am reading अहं पठामि

aha.n pathaami I am

अहं / aha.n reading

पठामि / pathaami -

5. The boy is going to school बालः विद्यालयम् गच्छति

baalaH vidyaalayam gachchhati The boy

बालः / baalaH going

गच्छति / gachchhati to school

विद्यालयम् / vidyaalayam

6. I am going to school अहं विद्यालम् गच्छामि

aha.n vidyaalayam gachchhami I am

अहं / aha.n going

गच्छामि / gachchhami to school

विद्यालयम् / vidyaalayam

7. The boy is reading the book बालकः पुस्तकम् पठति

baalakaH pustakam paThati The boy

बालकः / baalakaH reading

पठति / pathati the book

पुस्तकम् / pustakam

8. I am reading the book अहं पुस्तकम् पठामि

aha.n pustakam paThaami I am

अहं / aha.n reading

पठामि / pathaami the book

पुस्तकम् / pustakam

These are all examples of Active Voice or कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya).

Sentence 1 to 4 do not have any "Object" or कर्म (karma) in them. So these are intransitive or अकर्म कर्तृवाच्य (akarmaka kartRRivachya).

Rule 5: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Subject" or कर्ता (kartaa) is always in the "nominative case" or प्रथमा विभक्ति (prathamaa vibhakti).

Sentence 5 to 8 have "Object" or कर्म (karma) like विद्यालयम् (vidyaalayam), पुस्तकम् (pustakam) in them. So, these are transitive or सकर्मक कर्तृवाच्य (sakarmaka kartRRivachya).

Rule 6: In a कर्तृवाच्य (kartRRivaachya) the "Object" or कर्म (karma) is always in the "accusative case" or द्वितीया विभक्ति (dvitiiyaa vibhakti).